GB/T 43092-2023 PDF English
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Electrochemical performance test of lithium ion battery cathode materials - Test method for high temperature performance
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GB/T 43092-2023: PDF in English (GBT 43092-2023) GB/T 43092-2023
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 77.160
CCS H 21
Electrochemical performance test of lithium ion battery
cathode materials - Test method for high temperature
performance
ISSUED ON: SEPTEMBER 7, 2023
IMPLEMENTED ON: APRIL 1, 2024
Issued by: State Administration for Market Regulation;
Standardization Administration of PRC.
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 3
Introduction ... 4
1 Scope ... 5
2 Normative references ... 5
3 Terms and definitions ... 5
4 Symbols ... 6
5 Test method for high-temperature performance of button half cells ... 6
6 High-temperature performance test method for soft-packed full batteries ... 12
7 Presentation of test results ... 22
8 Test allowable variations ... 22
9 Test report ... 24
Electrochemical performance test of lithium ion battery
cathode materials - Test method for high temperature
performance
1 Scope
This document specifies test methods for the high-temperature electrochemical
performance of lithium-ion battery cathode materials, including high-temperature
storage testing and high-temperature cycle testing.
This document is suitable for high-temperature electrochemical performance testing of
cathode materials such as lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel cobalt manganate, lithium
nickel cobalt aluminate, lithium manganate, lithium iron phosphate, and lithium-rich
manganese base for lithium-ion batteries.
2 Normative references
The following documents contain the provisions which, through normative reference in
this document, constitute the essential provisions of this document. For the dated
referenced documents, only the versions with the indicated dates are applicable to this
document; for the undated referenced documents, only the latest version (including all
the amendments) is applicable to this document.
GB/T 2900.1-2008 Electrotechnical terminology - Fundamental terms
GB/T 8170 Rules of rounding off for numerical values & expression and judgment
of limiting values
GB/T 20252-2014 Lithium cobalt oxide
GB/T 31484-2015 Cycle life requirements and test methods for traction battery of
electric vehicle
3 Terms and definitions
The terms and definitions defined in GB/T 2900.1-2008, GB/T 20252-2014, GB/T
31484-2015, and the following apply to this document.
3.1 charge and discharge
of 6 μm~20 μm.
5.1.6 Negative electrode: metallic lithium sheet, battery grade.
5.1.7 Separator: polyolefin porous membrane, with a porosity of 30.0%~65.0%, an air
permeability of 200 s/100mL~800 s/100mL, and a thickness of 5 μm~45 μm.
5.1.8 Liquid absorbent paper: glass fiber membrane, with a thickness of 0.1 mm~0.5
mm, a porosity of not less than 80%, and a liquid absorption rate of not less than 300%.
5.1.9 Electrolyte: It is composed of lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6), mixed
carbonate organic solvents [ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl
methyl carbonate (EMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC)), etc.], and additives; the moisture
content is not more than 0.002%, and the hydrofluoric acid content is not more than
0.005%.
5.1.10 Button battery case and components: positive electrode case, negative electrode
case, nickel foam (or gasket and spring). It is recommended that the battery case
material be 304 stainless steel or 316 stainless steel.
5.2 Apparatus
5.2.1 Electronic balance: The division value is 0.0001 g.
5.2.2 Mixer.
5.2.3 Small coater or scraper.
5.2.4 High-temperature oven: The temperature control range is from room temperature
to 250 ℃.
5.2.5 Roller press: It is dedicated to lithium batteries.
5.2.6 Thickness gauge: The measuring range is not less than 2 mm, and the accuracy is
0.001 mm.
5.2.7 Electrode punching machine: The diameter of the punching die is 10 mm~16 mm.
5.2.8 Electronic balance: The division value is 0.00001 g.
5.2.9 Vacuum oven: The temperature control range is from room temperature to 250 °C,
and the vacuum degree is not greater than -0.1 MPa.
5.2.10 Glove box: inert gas atmosphere; moisture content and oxygen content are not
greater than 0.0001%.
5.2.11 Button battery sealing machine.
Assembly shall be carried out in the glove box (5.2.10). Assemble the positive electrode
(see 5.3.1), negative electrode (5.1.6), separator (5.1.7), liquid absorbent paper (5.1.8),
electrolyte (5.1.9), button battery case and components (5.1.10) together, use the button
battery sealing machine (5.2.11) to seal the battery, and use the lithium-ion battery
electrochemical performance tester (5.2.12) to carry out the charge and discharge tests.
5.4 Testing of button half cells
5.4.1 High-temperature storage test
5.4.1.1 After the produced battery is left to stand for 6 hours, it is placed in an
environment of 25 ℃±1 ℃. Use the lithium-ion battery electrochemical performance
tester (5.2.12) to conduct the first charge and discharge tests by referring to the
following process:
a) Constant current charging: current of 0.1 C, constant current charging to the
limiting voltage;
b) Constant voltage charging: cut-off current of 0.01 C;
c) Standing: 10 min;
d) Constant current discharge: current of 0.1 C;
e) Standing: 10 min;
f) Constant current charging: current of 1 C, constant current charging to the
limiting voltage;
g) Constant voltage charging: cut-off current of 0.01 C;
h) Standing: 10 min;
i) Constant current discharge: current of 1 C, constant current discharge to the
cut-off voltage;
j) Standing: 10 min;
k) Repeat 2 times according to f) ~ j);
l) Constant current charging: current of 1 C, constant current charging to the
limiting voltage;
m) Constant voltage charging: cut-off current of 0.01 C.
NOTE: Please refer to Table 1 for the limited charge voltage and cut-off discharge voltage of different
materials.
5.4.1.2 After the battery has been left at room temperature for 4 hours, use a voltage
tester (5.2.13) to test the voltage, and then place it in a high-temperature environment
for a certain period of time (It is recommended to be stood at 60 °C for 7 days). After
storage, take the battery out, let it stand at room temperature for 4 hours, and then test
the battery voltage. The charge and discharge tests can be carried out according to the
following process:
a) Constant current discharge: current of 1 C, constant current discharge to the
cut-off voltage;
b) Standing: 10 min;
c) Constant current charging: current of 1 C, constant current charging to the
limiting voltage;
d) Constant voltage charging: cut-off current of 0.01 C;
e) Standing: 10 min;
f) Constant current discharge: current of 1 C, constant current discharge to the
cut-off voltage;
g) Standing: 10 min;
h) Repeat 5 times according to c) ~ g).
NOTE: Please refer to Table 1 for the limited charge voltage and cut-off discharge voltage of different
materials.
5.4.2 High-temperature cycle test
The manufactured battery is left to stand for 4 hours in a high-temperature environment
(recommended at 45 °C±1 °C), and the charge and discharge tests are performed in the
above-mentioned high-temperature environment with reference to the following
process:
a) Constant current charging: current of 0.1 C, constant current charging to the
limiting voltage;
b) Constant voltage charging: cut-off current of 0.01 C;
c) Standing: 10 min;
d) Constant current discharge: current of 0.1 C, constant current discharge to the
cut-off voltage;
e) Standing: 10 min;
6.1.2 Conductive agent: conductive graphite, carbon black or carbon nanotubes, battery
grade.
6.1.3 Positive electrode binder: polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), battery grade, and the
weight-average molecular weight is not less than 600,000.
6.1.4 Positive electrode solvent: N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), battery grade, with a
purity of not less than 99.9%, and the moisture content is not more than 0.02%.
6.1.5 Positive electrode current collector: aluminum foil, battery grade, with a thickness
of 6 μm~20 μm.
6.1.6 Positive electrode tab: aluminum tab, with tab glue.
6.1.7 Negative electrode material: graphite and other materials; the median diameter
(D50) is 5 μm~25 μm, the specific surface area is 0.2 m2/g~2 m2/g, the first discharge
specific capacity is not less than 320 mA • h/g, and the first charge and discharge
efficiency are not less than 88%.
6.1.8 Negative electrode dispersant: sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), battery
grade, and the main content is not less than 99%.
6.1.9 Negative electrode binder: styrene-butadiene rubber emulsion (SBR), battery
grade; the solid content is 40%~55%, and pH=6~7.
6.1.10 Negative electrode solvent: deionized water, with a conductivity of not greater
than 10 μS/cm.
6.1.11 Negative electrode current collector: copper foil, battery grade, with a thickness
of 5 μm~15 μm.
6.1.12 Negative electrode tab: nickel battery tab, with tab glue.
6.1.13 Separator: polyolefin porous membrane, with a porosity of 30.0%~65.0%, and a
thickness of 5 μm~25 μm.
6.1.14 High-temperature tape.
6.1.15 Termination tape.
6.1.16 Aluminum plastic film: with a thickness of 100 μm~160 μm, battery grade.
6.1.17 Electrolyte: It is composed of lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6), mixed
carbonate organic solvents [ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl
methyl carbonate (EMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), etc.], and additives; the moisture
content is not more than 0.002%, and the hydrofluoric acid content is not more than
0.005%.
6.2.22 Thickness gauge: The measuring range is not less than 10 mm, and the accuracy
is 0.01 mm.
6.2.23 Electronic solid density meter.
6.2.24 Internal resistance tester.
6.2.25 Hot pressing formation machine.
6.3 Manufacturing steps for soft-packed full batteries
6.3.1 Raw material handling
Use a vacuum oven (6.2.1) to bake the cathode material (6.1.1), and use a high-
temperature oven (6.2.3) to bake conductive agent (6.1.2), positive electrode binder
(6.1.3), negative electrode material (6.1.7), negative electrode dispersant (6.1.8).
6.3.2 Preparation of positive electrodes
The environmental dew point during the preparation process shall not be greater than -
20 °C. In the formula, the mass fraction of the cathode material is 90%~98%, the mass
fraction of the conductive agent is 1%~5%, and the mass fraction of the positive
electrode binder is 1%~5%. Weigh the processed cathode material (see 6.3.1),
conductive agent (see 6.3.1), positive electrode binder (see 6.3.1), and positive
electrode solvent (6.1.4) with an electronic scale (6.2.2); use a vacuum mixer (6.2.4) to
prepare a positive electrode slurry with a solid content of 40%~75%, and use a coating
machine (6.2.5) to apply the positive electrode slurry to the positive electrode current
collector (6.1.5) and dry it. Strictly control the process of homogenization and coating.
The thickness of the electrode coating shall be uniform. Use a slitting machine (6.2.6)
to cut the positive electrode, use a roller press (6.2.7) to roll (the compaction density
reference range is shown in Table 2), and use a thickness gauge (6.2.8) to test the
thickness of the electrode during rolling. Use an electronic balance (6.2.9) to weigh the
baked electrode and record it.
6.3.3 Preparation of negative electrodes
The environmental dew point during the preparation process shall not be greater than -
20 °C. In the formula, the mass fraction of negative electrode material (6.1.7) is
95%~97%, the mass fraction of conductive agent (6.1.2) is 0.5%~1%, the mass fraction
of negative electrode dispersant (6.1.8) is 1.0%~1.5 %, and the mass fraction of
negative electrode binder (6.1.9) is 1.5%~2.5%. Use the negative electrode material,
conductive agent, CMC, SBR, and negative electrode solvent (6.1.10) to prepare the
negative electrode slurry with a solid content of 40%~60%, and use a coating machine
(6.2.5) to apply the negative electrode slurry to the negative electrode current collector
(6.1.11) and dry it. Strictly control the process of homogenization and coating. The
thickness of the electrode coating shall be uniform. The negative electrodes shall be
rolled, cut, baked, and weighed respectively.
6.3.4 Assembly of soft-packed full batteries
The dew point of the battery assembly environment shall not be greater than -20 °C.
Preparation method of wound cells: The positive electrode (see 6.3.2) and the negative
electrode (see 6.3.3) are welded with tabs by using the positive electrode ultrasonic
welding machine (6.2.10) and the negative electrode ultrasonic welding machine
(6.2.11 ) respectively; use a winding machine or laminating machine (6.2.12) to wind
the positive electrode (see 6.3.2), separator (6.1.13), and negative electrode (see 6.3.3)
into a wound cell. Preparation method of laminated cells: Use a laminating machine
(6.2.12) to laminate the positive electrode (see 6.3.2), separator (6.1.13), negative
electrode (see 6.3.3), and separator (6.1.13) in sequence, and use the positive electrode
ultrasonic welding machine (6.2.10) and the negative electrode ultrasonic welding
machine (6.2.11) to weld the tabs then to make the laminated cell.
Use the aluminum plastic film forming machine (6.2.14) to make the aluminum plastic
film (6.1.16) into the aluminum plastic case, and use the jellyroll pressing machine
(6.2.13) to flatten the wound cell or laminated cell and place it into the aluminum plastic
case; after that, use the top-side sealing machine (6.2.15) to seal the top and side edges.
Put the battery into a vacuum oven (6.2.1) to bake (the baking regime is recommended
to be 85 ℃, 36 h; replace the dry gas every 4 h), use the liquid injector (6.2.17) in the
glove box (6.2.16) to inject liquid, use a vacuum standing box (6.2.18) to let it stand,
and use a vacuum pre-sealing machine (6.2.19) to pre-seal.
6.3.5 Formation and capacity grading for soft-packed full batteries
6.3.5.1 Clamp the prepared battery with plywood, and use a lithium-ion battery
electrochemical performance tester (6.2.20) or a hot-pressing formation machine
(6.2.25) to form the battery. The test can be carried out by referring to the following
process:
a) Constant current charging: current of 0.05 C, charging for 200 min;
b) Constant current charging: current of 0.1 C, charging for 200 min;
c) Constant current charging: current of 0.2 C, charging to the limiting voltage
(recommended limiting voltage is 3.9 V, lithium iron phosphate is 3.4 V);
d) Standing: 10 min.
6.3.5.2 Use a vacuum second sealing machine (6.2.21) to degas air and seal, and use a
lithium-ion battery electrochemical performance tester (6.2.20) to conduct charge and
discharge tests by referring to the following process:
a) Constant current charging: Constant current charging to the limiting voltage;
e) Standing: 10 min;
f) Repeat 2 times according to a) ~ e);
g) Constant current charging: a constant current of 1 C, charging to the limiting
voltage;
h) Constant voltage charging: cut-off current of 0.02 C.
NOTE: The limited charge voltage and cut-off discharge voltage of different materials are shown in
Table 2.
6.4.1.2 Let it stand for 4 hours; use a thickness gauge (6.2.22) to measure the thickness
of the lithium-ion battery, or use an electronic solid density meter (6.2.23) to test the
battery volume, and use an internal resistance tester (6.2.24) to test the battery voltage
and internal resistance, then put it into a high-temperature environment and let it stand
for a certain period of time (recommended test conditions: 60 ℃, 7 d). After high-
temperature storage, maintain the same temperature as the high-temperature storage,
thermally measure the thickness of the battery, or use an electronic solid density meter
(6.2.23) to thermally measure the battery volume; place the battery in an environment
of 25 ℃±1 ℃ for 4 hours, and test the voltage and internal resistance of the battery;
coldly measure the thickness of the battery or coldly measure the battery volume by
using an electronic solid density meter (6.2.23); use a lithium-ion battery
electrochemical performance tester to carry out the charge and discharge tests by
referring to the following process:
a) Constant current discharge: a constant current of 1 C, discharge to the cut-off
voltage;
b) Standing: 10 min;
c) Constant current charging: a constant current of 1 C, charging to the limiting
voltage;
d) Constant voltage charging: cut-off current of 0.05 C;
e) Standing: 10 min;
f) Constant current discharge: a constant current of 1 C, discharge to the cut-off
voltage;
g) Standing: 10 min;
h) Repeat 2 times according to c) ~ g).
NOTE: The limited charge voltage and cut-off discharge voltage of different materials are shown in
Table 2.
...... Source: Above contents are excerpted from the PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.chinesestandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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