GB/T 1174-2022_English: PDF (GB/T1174-2022)
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Standard ID | GB/T 1174-2022 (GB/T1174-2022) | Description (Translated English) | Cast bearing alloy | Sector / Industry | National Standard (Recommended) | Classification of Chinese Standard | J31 | Classification of International Standard | 77.150.99 | Word Count Estimation | 18,146 | Date of Issue | 2022-10-14 | Date of Implementation | 2022-10-12 | Older Standard (superseded by this standard) | GB/T 1174-1992 | Drafting Organization | Ningbo Zhengyuan Copper Alloy Co., Ltd., Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Harbin Electric Machinery Factory Co., Ltd., Zhejiang Yongcheng Machinery Co., Ltd., Huzhou Sanduo Bearing Co., Ltd., Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Nantong Hongjin Metal Aluminum Co., Ltd., Chiping Xinfa Aluminum Products Co., Ltd., Shanxi Ruige Metal New Material Co., Ltd., Ningbo Branch of China Academy of Ordnance Science, Guangdong Yangshan United Precision Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Shenyang Foundry Research Institute Co., Ltd., Yantai Standard Metrology Inspection and Testing Center , Shenyang University of Technology, Dongfeng (Shiyan) Nonferrous Casting Co., Ltd., CITIC Dicastal Co., Ltd. | Administrative Organization | National Foundry Standardization Technical Committee (SAC/TC 54) | Proposing organization | National Foundry Standardization Technical Committee (SAC/TC 54) | Issuing agency(ies) | State Administration for Market Regulation, National Standardization Management Committee | Standard ID | GB/T 1174-1992 (GB/T1174-1992) | Description (Translated English) | Cast bearing metals | Sector / Industry | National Standard (Recommended) | Classification of Chinese Standard | J31 | Classification of International Standard | 77.140.20 | Word Count Estimation | 16,139 | Date of Issue | 1992/11/5 | Date of Implementation | 1993/10/1 | Older Standard (superseded by this standard) | GB 1174-1974 | Quoted Standard | GB 228; GB 231; GB 1173; GB 1176; GB 1198; GB 3260.1~3260.9; GB 4103.1~4103.12; GB 8002; YB 55, | Drafting Organization | Machinery and electronics industry, Shenyang Institute of Foundry | Administrative Organization | Machinery and electronics industry, Shenyang Institute of Foundry | Proposing organization | People Republic of China Ministry of Machinery and Electronics Industry | Issuing agency(ies) | State Bureau of Technical Supervision | Summary | This standard specifies the cast tin-based, lead, copper, technical requirements and inspection rules aluminum bearing alloys. This standard applies to the manufacture of tin-based, lead-based bi-metal sliding bearings and copper, aluminum alloy overall sliding bearings. |
GB/T 1174-2022
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 77.150.99
CCS J 31
Replacing GB/T 1174-1992
Cast bearing alloy
ISSUED ON: OCTOBER 12, 2022
IMPLEMENTED ON: OCTOBER 12, 2022
Issued by: State Administration for Market Regulation;
Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China.
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 3
1 Scope ... 5
2 Normative references ... 5
3 Terms and definitions ... 8
4 Alloy designations and codes ... 8
5 Technical requirements ... 9
6 Test methods ... 16
7 Inspection rules ... 17
8 Marking, packaging, transportation, storage and quality certificate ... 18
Appendix A (Normative) Test pieces for hardness inspection of tin-based, lead-based
bearing alloys ... 19
Cast bearing alloy
1 Scope
This document specifies the cast bearing alloy designations and codes, technical
requirements, test methods, inspection rules, marking, packaging, transportation,
storage and quality certificates.
This document applies to cast tin-based, lead-based, copper-based and aluminum-based
bimetallic plain bearings, as well as copper-based, zinc-based and aluminum-based
alloy integral plain bearings.
2 Normative references
The following documents are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the version corresponding
to that date is applicable to this document; for undated references, the latest version
(including all amendments) is applicable to this document.
GB/T 228.1, Metallic materials - Tensile testing - Part 1: Method of test at room
temperature
GB/T 231.1, Metallic materials - Brinell hardness test - Part 1: Test method
GB/T 1173, Casting aluminium alloy
GB/T 1175, Casting zinc alloys
GB/T 1176, Casting copper and copper alloys
GB/T 5121.1, Methods for chemical analysis of copper and copper alloys - Part 1:
Determination of copper content
GB/T 5121.2, Methods for chemical analysis of copper and copper alloys - Part 2:
Determination of phosphorus content
GB/T 5121.3, Methods for chemical analysis of copper and copper alloys - Part 3:
Determination of lead content
GB/T 5121.4, Methods for chemical analysis of copper and copper alloys - Part 4:
Determination of carbon and sulfur content
GB/T 5121.5, Methods for chemical analysis of copper and copper alloys - Part 5:
Determination of nickel content
GB/T 5121.6, Methods for chemical analysis of copper and copper alloys - Part 6:
Determination of bismuth content
GB/T 5121.7, Methods for chemical analysis of copper and copper alloys - Part 7:
Determination of arsenic content
GB/T 5121.9, Methods for chemical analysis of copper and copper alloys - Part 9:
Determination of iron content
GB/T 5121.10, Methods for chemical analysis of copper and copper alloys - Part 10:
Determination of tin content
GB/T 5121.11, Methods for chemical analysis of copper and copper alloys - Part 11:
Determination of zinc content
GB/T 5121.12, Methods for chemical analysis of copper and copper alloys - Part 12:
Determination of antimony content
GB/T 5121.13, Methods for chemical analysis of copper and copper alloys - Part 13:
Determination of aluminium content
GB/T 5121.23, Methods for chemical analysis of copper and copper alloys - Part 23:
Determination of silicon content
GB/T 5611, Foundry terminology
GB/T 8063, Designation of cast nonferrous metals and their alloys
GB/T 8888, Wrought heavy non-ferrous metal products - packing, marking,
transportation, storing and certificate of quality
GB/T 12689.1, Methods for chemical analysis of zinc and zinc alloys - Part 1:
Determination of aluminum content – Chrome azurol S-polyethylene glycol octyl
phenyl ether-ethyl pyridine bromine spectrophotometry, Chrome azurol S
spectrophotometric method and EDTA titrimetry
GB/T 12689.3, The methods for chemical analysis of zinc and zinc alloys - The
determination of cadmium content - The flame atomic absorption spectrometric
method
GB/T 12689.4, The methods for chemical analysis of zinc and zinc alloys - The
determination of copper content - The lead diethyldithio-carbamate
spectrophotometric method and the flame atomic absorption spectrometric method
and the electrolytic method
GB/T 12689.5, The methods for chemical analysis of zinc and zinc alloys - The
determination of iron content - The sulfosalicylic acid spectrometric method and the
flame atomic absorption spectrometric method
YS/T 475.1, Methods for chemical analysis of cast bearing metals - Determination
of tin content - Potassium iodate titrimetric method
YS/T 475.2, Methods for chemical analysis of cast bearing metals - Determination
of lead content - EDTA titrimetric method
YS/T 475.3, Methods for chemical analysis of cast bearing metals - Determination
of antimony content - Cerium sulfate titrimetric method
YS/T 475.4, Methods for chemical analysis of cast bearing metals - Determination
of copper content - Hyposulphite titrimetric method
YS/T 475.5, Methods for chemical analysis of cast bearing metals - Determination
of arsenic content - Molybdoantimonyarsenate blue spectrophotometric method
YS/T 475.6, Methods for chemical analysis of cast bearing metals - Determination
of aluminium content – Chrome azurol S spectrophotometric method
YS/T 475.7, Methods for chemical analysis of cast bearing metals - Determination
of lead, copper, iron, bismuth, zinc, cadmium, content - AAS method
3 Terms and definitions
Terms and definitions determined by GB/T 5611 are applicable to this document.
4 Alloy designations and codes
4.1 Representation of alloy designations
The cast bearing alloy designations shall be represented in accordance with the
provisions of GB/T 8063.
4.2 Alloy casting method codes
S – sand casting;
J – permanent mold casting;
Li – centrifugal casting.
4.3 Alloy heat treatment state codes
T5 – solution treatment plus incomplete artificial aging.
6.1.2.2 When the analysis results are in dispute, arbitration shall be carried out
according to GB/T 5121.1~5121.7, GB/T 5121.9~5121.13 and GB/T 5121.23.
6.1.3 Composition analysis of zinc-based bearing alloy
6.1.3.1 The composition analysis of zinc-based bearing alloy shall be carried out in
accordance with the provisions of GB/T 12689.1 and GB/T 12689.3~12689.10. Where
analytical precision is guaranteed, other detection methods are allowed.
6.1.3.2 When the analysis results are in dispute, arbitration shall be carried out
according to GB/T 12689.1 and GB/T 12689.3~12689.10.
6.1.4 Composition analysis of aluminum-based bearing alloy
6.1.4.1 The composition analysis of aluminum-based bearing alloy shall be carried out
in accordance with the provisions of GB/T 20975.3~20975.5, GB/T 20975.7, GB/T
20975.8, GB/T 20975.10, GB/T 20975.12, GB/T 20975.14 and GB/T 20975.16. Where
analytical precision is guaranteed, other detection methods are allowed.
6.1.4.2 When the analysis results are in dispute, arbitration shall be carried out
according to GB/T 20975.3~20975.5, GB/T 20975.7, GB/T 20975.8, GB/T 20975.10,
GB/T 20975.12, GB/T 20975.14 and GB/T 20975.16.
6.2.1 Mechanical properties
6.2.1 The tensile test shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of GB/T
228.1.
6.2.2 The hardness test shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of GB/T
231.1.
6.2.3 The compression test shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of
GB/T 16748.
7 Inspection rules
7.1 Batch
Bearing alloys are generally batched according to the smelting furnace. In the case of
stable production (stable personnel, raw materials, smelting process, test methods,
inspection and other procedures), the same alloy smelted in one work shift and in
different furnaces can also be regarded as one batch.
7.2 Sampling method
7.2.1 The test piece can be taken from the casting body or from a single-cast test piece
cast at the same time. The casting-mold conditions of the single-cast test pieces shall
be the same as those of the product castings, and the heat treatment of the test pieces
shall be carried out in the same heat treatment process as that of the same batch of
castings.
7.2.2 Mechanical property and chemical composition inspection shall be carried out in
batches, and one sample in each batch shall be inspected.
7.2.3 For the chemical composition inspection, only the main elements are required for
analysis, and the content of other elements can be randomly checked according to the
requirements of the purchaser.
7.3 Judgment and re-inspection
7.3.1 Where the chemical composition fails the first test, it is allowed to inspect two
more test pieces; if the analysis results meet the requirements, judge the batch of alloy
to be qualified, otherwise, judge it as unqualified.
7.3.2 During the mechanical property inspection, inspect one sample for the first time.
If the inspection result meets the standard requirements, judge this batch of alloy to
qualified; if not, it is allowed to inspect two more test pieces for the corresponding items.
If the analysis results meet the requirements, judge the batch of alloy as qualified,
otherwise, judge it as unqualified.
7.3.3 Where the sample has casting defects, or the inspection result is unqualified due
to the failure of the test itself, it is an invalid test and will not be counted in the number
of inspections. Replace the test pieces for a re-inspection.
7.3.4 When the hardness of the test piece is unqualified, it is allowed to take castings
of the same batch for retesting, where the number of castings to be sampled shall not
be less than five. If there are less than five castings in the same batch, inspect all of
them. Where the hardness of any casting is unqualified in the re-inspection of the
selected castings, the batch of castings shall be inspected one by one.
8 Marking, packaging, transportation, storage and quality
certificate
The marking, packaging, transportation, storage and quality certificate of the product
shall comply with the provisions of GB/T 8888.
......
GB/T 1174-1992
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
UDC 669.018.24:621.74
J 31
GB/T 1174-92
Cast bearing metals
APPROVED ON: NOVEMBER 05, 1992
IMPLEMENTED ON: OCTOBER 01, 1993
Issued by: State Bureau of Technical Supervision
Table of Contents
1 Subject contents and scope of application ... 3
2 Normative references ... 3
3 Representation of alloy designation ... 3
4 Technical requirements ... 4
5 Test methods and inspection rules ... 6
Appendix A (Informative) Bimetallic sliding bearing - Bonding test - Ultrasonic
testing for bonding defects of bearing alloy layer of not less than 2 mm thickness
... 10
Appendix B (Informative) Bimetallic sliding bearing - Bonding test -
Determination of the bonding strength of the bearing alloy layer with a thickness
of not less than 2 mm ... 16
Additional information: ... 20
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF
CHINA
Cast bearing metals
1 Subject contents and scope of application
This standard specifies the technical requirements and inspection rules, for cast
tin-based, lead-based, copper-based, aluminum-based bearing alloys.
This standard applies to the manufacture of tin-based, lead-based bimetallic
sliding bearings, AND copper-based and aluminum-based alloy integral sliding
bearings.
2 Normative references
GB 228 Metallic materials - Tensile testing at ambient temperature
GB 231 Metallic materials - Brinell hardness test
GB 1173 Casting aluminum alloys - Technical specifications
GB 1176 Specification for cast copper alloys
GB 1198 Methods for chemical analysis of aluminum
GB 3260.1 ~ 3260.9 Methods for chemical analysis of tin
GB 4103.1 ~ 4103.12 Methods for chemical analysis of lead and lead alloys
GB 8002 Methods for chemical analysis of tin bronze
YB 55 Methods for chemical analysis of aluminum bronze
3 Representation of alloy designation
The designation of cast bearing alloy is composed of the chemical symbols, of
the base metal elements AND the main alloying elements. The main alloying
element is followed by a number, which indicates its nominal percentage
content (the nominal percentage content is the rounded value of the average
percentage content of the element). If the nominal percentage content of
GB/T 1174-92
Replacing GB 1174-74
5 Test methods and inspection rules
5.1 Chemical composition
5.1.1 The inspection of the chemical composition of alloy shall be carried out,
in accordance with the requirements of GB 3260.1 ~ GB 3260.9, GB 4103.1 ~
4103.12, GB 8002, YB 55. Under the condition of ensuring the accuracy of the
analysis, it is allowed to use other methods. When there is a dispute, the
chemical analysis method shall be used for arbitration.
5.1.2 For the chemical composition inspection, it shall be carried out, according
to each smelting furnace OR according to the requirements of the purchaser.
Chemical composition specimens can be taken from castings (including the
attached specimen of castings).
5.1.3 For the inspection of chemical composition, a specimen is sent for the first
time. If the analysis result meets the requirements of Table 1, the alloy's
chemical composition is qualified. If it does not meet the requirements of Table
1, it is allowed to send another specimen. If the analysis result meets the
requirements of Table 1, the chemical composition of alloy of the smelting
furnace is qualified; otherwise, it is unqualified.
5.1.4 For the inspection of chemical composition, it may only analyze the main
elements. For the content of other elements, it can be spot-checked as required
by the purchaser.
5.2 Mechanical performance
5.2.1 For cast bearing alloys, only the as-cast (F) mechanical properties are
tested. The values are as shown in Table 2.
5.2.2 For the testing of mechanical properties of the alloy, based on each
smelting furnace, one specimen (or a test block) shall be sent for the first time,
to determine the mechanical properties. If it meets the requirements of Table 2,
the mechanical properties of the alloy of this furnace are qualified. If it does not
meet the requirements of Table 2, it is allowed to take two more specimens (or
two test blocks), for inspection again. If both specimens (or two test blocks) are
qualified, the mechanical properties of the alloy of this furnace are qualified;
otherwise, the mechanical properties of the alloy of this furnace are unqualified.
5.2.3 When a single casting specimen is found, by naked eyes, to have casting
defects, OR the inspection result is unqualified due to the failure of the test itself,
it may not be counted in the number of inspections. Replace the specimen; re-
submit it for inspection.
5.2.4 In the case of stable production (including: the stability of raw materials,
Appendix A
(Informative)
Bimetallic sliding bearing - Bonding test - Ultrasonic testing for bonding
defects of bearing alloy layer of not less than 2 mm thickness
This Appendix refers to ISO 4386/1 (1982 edition).
A1 Scope of application
This Appendix specifies the ultrasonic testing method for the bonding defect,
BETWEEN the bearing alloy AND the backing (i.e., bonding-off). The backing
material is steel, copper alloy or cast iron, on which a lead-based or tin-based
bearing metal, which has a thickness of not less than 2 mm, is casted.
This Appendix only describes the pulse echo of the sound wave, which is input
from the surface of the bearing alloy layer, that is, the sound energy, which is
reflected from the bonding surface, is used to determine the quality of the
bonding.
A2 Symbol
The following symbols are used in this Appendix:
IS: Input signal
BE: Bonding echo
WE: Back wall echo
RE: Datum echo (or reference echo).
A3 Testing equipment
The ultrasonic device used for testing shall have an amplifier, which uses
decibel (dB) as the scale, whose measurement range can be adjusted.
Under normal circumstances, it shall use a standard design transducer, which
has a diameter of 10 ~ 30 mm AND a frequency of 2 MHz. Only when the
resolution cannot meet the requirements, it shall use a high frequency
transducer, such as 4 MHz, OR a dual crystal transducer.
The measurement range on the screen can be adjusted by a standard
specimen, for example, using a stepped specimen to adjust. Within the
measurement range, at least two echoes shall be displayed. The material and
thickness of the standard specimen shall be the same as the actual bearing.
bonding, BETWEEN the bearing alloy AND the backing, does not meet the
requirements. If there is no back wall echo, BUT only repeated (at least three)
combined echoes, it means that, there is no bonding, as shown in Figure A2.
During the testing process, both of these results indicate the existence of
bonding defects.
When the backing is thick and small, OR when a dual crystal transducer is used,
due to the dispersion of the sound beam OR the weakening of the sound wave,
even if the bonding is good, the back wall echo will be smaller than the
combined echo. At this time, the ratio of the height between the two echoes of
the ideal bonding to the defective bonding, shall be determined by the use of a
standard specimen.
A6.1.2 Perform the testing, based on the reduction in the height of back wall
echo. Use a standard steel test block to calibrate the testing equipment. Install
the test block on the tested bearing, to obtain at least two echoes. The first echo
is adjusted to 3/4 of the screen height. The lateral magnification shall be
adjusted, to facilitate the display of the total wall thickness; the bonding defect
or the backing material defect may be indicated, by the position of the
intermediate wave, before the first back wall echo. The severity of the defect
can be judged, by the reduction of the height of back wall echo. Refer to Figure
A3 and Figure A4. For example, in the bearing evaluation process, the echo
height of the more significant defects is not more than 50% of the screen height.
A6.2 Testing of non-back wall echo
Use the reference echo of the standard specimen (same thickness, same
bearing alloy, backing material), to test the bonding. Adjust the reference echo
to 80% of the screen height. Refer to Figure A5 and Figure A7. When the first
combined echo is smaller than the reference echo, as shown in Figure A6, it is
proved that the bonding is good. When the first echo, which is reflected from
the bonding area, is equal to the reference echo, it indicates that there is a
certain bonding defect, as shown in Figure A8. There is also a
misunderstanding, that is, if there is looseness, in the area close to the bonding
defect, it is often regarded as a bonding defect.
A7 Calibration of bonding defects
Generally, calibration is required for bonding defects, which are equal to or
greater than one-half of the diameter of the transducer.
A7.1 Calibration of defect range
If possible, it shall indicate the boundary of the defect range. The boundary,
BETWEEN the bonding AND the non-bonding, can be determined by the center
position of the transducer. For isolated point defects, it is expressed as one-half
The markings of test levels and defect groups in this Appendix are as follows:
For example, if the test is level 2 AND the defect group is C, it is marked as
GB/T 1174/T-2C.
A9 Test report
The test report can be written, through negotiation, between the supplier and
the buyer.
The test report shall include the following:
a. The size and material of the sliding bearing;
b. The thickness of the alloy layer of tested sliding bearing;
c. The testing equipment;
d. The model and size of the transducer;
e. The test frequency;
f. The magnification, range
g. Standard (reference) specimen (size and material);
h. Marking of the location and size of the defect, in the drawing on the bearing
surface;
i. The test date, bearing manufacturer.
......
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